我們從小就被教導一套非常特定的原則
一加一等於二。I在E之前,C之後除外。
隨著我們長大,這些原則變得更加複雜。
以經濟學為例。
供給法則指出,當市場價格上漲時,商品供給量增加;當價格下跌時,供給量減少。反之,需求法則指出,當價格上漲時,商品需求量減少;反之亦然。
這些基本的供需法則,是我們如何為特定產品訂定價格的基礎。
至少,理論上是這樣運作的。
但如果我告訴你,你從小學到的原則是錯的呢?
隨著現今「創新」的金融工具,你所學的許多東西在現實世界中已不再適用。
尤其是在石油方面。
石油法則
本信函的長期讀者應該已經讀過我許多關於commodities manipulation的部落格文章。
對於石油而言,價格操縱再明顯不過了。
例如,我的信函「Covert Connection Between Saudi Arabia and Japan」中提到:
「…儘管各機構找到了創新方式來解釋石油需求下降,但全球石油消耗量從未如此之高。
2010年,全球日消耗量創下8740萬桶的紀錄。今年(2014年),全球預計將消耗9270萬桶,再創新高。
全球石油需求預計仍將攀升至新高。
如果油價真如頭條新聞所說,是供需的真實反映,那麼它應該反映供需之間的差異。
既然我們知道需求實際上正在增長,那就不可能是油價急劇下跌的原因。
那麼這是否意味著是供給問題?世界是否突然增加了40%的石油?顯然不是。
所以,不,油價下跌的原因並非供需的因果關係。
原因在於操縱。問題是為什麼。」
我接著談到油價被操縱的地緣政治原因。
這是一個例子:
「9月11日,沙烏地阿拉伯最終與美國達成協議,對敘利亞投擲炸彈。
但為什麼?
沙烏地阿拉伯擁有全球18%的已探明石油儲量,是最大的石油出口國。
敘利亞是天然氣管道的途徑,可以將來自卡達大型天然氣田的天然氣輸送到歐洲,這將為沙烏地阿拉伯帶來數十億美元的收入,同時削弱俄羅斯在歐洲的能源主導地位。
美國是否在9月11日的會議中說服沙烏地阿拉伯降低油價,以打擊俄羅斯,同時刺激美國經濟?
…2014年10月1日,在美國於9月26日作為9月11日協議的一部分對敘利亞投擲炸彈後不久,沙烏地阿拉伯宣布將大幅降低對亞洲國家的油價,以「競爭」原油市場份額。它也降低了對歐洲和美國的價格。」
在沙烏地阿拉伯宣布後,油價已跌至五年多來的最低水平。
這是否「巧合」?在沙烏地阿拉伯與美國於巧合的9月11日會面後不久,兩國簽署了一項協議,向敘利亞投擲價值數十億美元的炸彈?然後僅僅幾天後,沙烏地阿拉伯就宣布大幅削減其石油價格。
巧合嗎?」
油價操縱還有許多其他因素——以及陰謀——例如對俄羅斯和伊朗的地緣政治攻擊,這些國家的經濟嚴重依賴石油。沙烏地阿拉伯也正在向市場大量供應石油——我認為這是因為他們急於將石油換取武器,以發動攻擊或加強對中東下一個主要強國伊朗的防禦。
然而,所有油價操縱的原因、策略或理論,只有在得到這兩個主要參與者:監管機構和大型銀行的允許下,才能說得通。
油價如何定價
在任何一天,如果你查看石油的現貨價格,你很可能會看到來自紐約Nymex或倫敦ICE Futures的報價。這兩個機構共同交易大部分石油,透過West Texas Intermediate (WTI)和North Sea Brent (Brent)的石油期貨合約,建立全球油價基準。
然而,你可能沒有看到的是,誰在交易這些石油,以及它是如何被交易的。
直到2006年,油價交易都在合理範圍內。但突然之間,我們看到了這些重大的價格波動。為什麼?
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因為監管機構允許它發生。
以下是2006年美國參議院常設調查小組委員會報告的評論:
「直到最近,美國能源期貨僅在美國境內的受監管交易所(如NYMEX)進行交易,這些交易所受到CFTC的廣泛監督,包括持續監控以偵測和防止價格操縱或欺詐。
然而,近年來,一種看起來和結構都與期貨合約相似,但在不受監管的OTC電子市場上交易的合約,其交易量大幅增長。由於它們與期貨合約的相似性,它們常被稱為「期貨仿製品」。
期貨仿製品合約與期貨合約之間唯一的實際區別在於,仿製品在不受監管的市場上交易,而期貨則在受監管的交易所上交易。
大型公司在OTC電子交易所交易能源商品,根據2000年《商品期貨現代化法案》在第106屆國會最後幾個小時應Enron及其他大型能源交易商的要求插入的條款,獲得了CFTC監管的豁免。
對市場監管的影響是巨大的。
例如,NYMEX交易員被要求保留所有交易記錄,並向CFTC報告大額交易。這些Large Trader Reports (LTR),連同提供價格和交易量信息的每日交易數據,是CFTC衡量市場投機程度以及偵測、防止和起訴價格操縱的主要工具。
…與在NYMEX上進行的交易不同,在不受監管的OTC電子交易所上的交易員不需要保留記錄或向CFTC提交Large Trader Reports,這些交易也免於CFTC的例行監督。
…與在受監管期貨交易所進行的交易不同,在不受監管的OTC電子交易所上,投機者持有的合約數量沒有限制,交易所本身不監控交易,也沒有報告每日結束時的未平倉合約(「open interest」)。
CFTC監控美國能源商品市場的能力進一步受到侵蝕,因為在今年(2006年)1月,CFTC允許Intercontinental Exchange (ICE),即領先的電子能源交易所運營商,在美國使用其交易終端,在倫敦的ICE期貨交易所(稱為「ICE Futures」)交易美國原油期貨。
此前,倫敦的ICE Futures交易所僅交易歐洲能源商品——Brent crude oil和United Kingdom natural gas。作為一個United Kingdom期貨市場,ICE Futures交易所完全由United Kingdom Financial Services rooority監管。1999年,倫敦交易所獲得CFTC的許可,在美國安裝電腦終端,允許美國交易員透過該交易所交易歐洲能源商品。
然後,在今年1月,倫敦的ICE Futures開始交易West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil期貨合約,這是一種在美國生產和交付的原油。ICE Futures也通知CFTC,它將允許美國的交易員在美國使用ICE終端,在倫敦的ICE Futures交易所交易其新的WTI合約。
從4月開始,ICE Futures也允許美國交易員在倫敦的ICE Futures交易所交易U.S. gasoline和heating oil期貨。儘管美國交易員在美國境內使用交易終端交易U.S. oil, gasoline, and heating oil期貨合約,但CFTC尚未對這些合約的交易主張任何管轄權。
美國境內尋求交易關鍵美國能源商品——U.S. crude oil, gasoline, and heating oil期貨——的人,現在可以透過倫敦的ICE Futures交易所而非紐約的NYMEX進行交易,從而避免所有美國市場監管或報告要求。
隨著越來越多的美國能源交易在不受監管的OTC電子交易所或透過外國交易所進行,CFTC的large trading reporting system變得越來越不準確,交易數據的用處越來越小,其市場監管計畫也變得越來越不全面。
電子交易所缺乏large trader information,使得CFTC更難監控投機活動,並偵測和防止價格操縱。這些信息的缺失不僅模糊了CFTC對能源商品市場該部分的視角,也降低了所報告信息的質量。
交易員可以在不受監管的電子交易所或外國交易所建立頭寸,這些頭寸可能與交易員在NYMEX上建立的頭寸相同或相反,從而規避和扭曲large trader reporting system。
這些交易行為不僅可能誤導CFTC,還可能使CFTC每週發布的energy market trading data, intended to be used by the public,變得不完整和具有誤導性。」
簡而言之,現在任何人都可以進行投機,並避免被標記為非法價格。投機交易越多,透過真實供需實現的「真實」價格發現就越少。
考慮到這一點,你現在可以看到大型銀行是如何控制並壟斷石油市場的。
報告續:
「…在過去幾年裡,大型金融機構、對沖基金、養老基金和其他投資基金已向能源商品市場投入數十億美元…試圖利用價格變化或對沖風險。
由於這些額外投資大部分來自不將商品作為其業務一部分的金融機構和投資基金,因此被Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)定義為「投機」。
…報告顯示,在過去幾年裡,一些投機者在能源商品交易中賺取了數千萬甚至數億美元的利潤。
這種投機交易發生在受監管的New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX)和over-the-counter (OTC)市場上。
投機者大量購買crude oil futures contracts,實際上創造了額外的石油需求,以與對實物石油即時交付的額外需求推高現貨市場價格相同的方式,推高了未來交付的石油價格。
就市場而言,投機者購買futures contract所產生的石油需求,與煉油廠或其他石油使用者購買futures contract所產生的石油需求一樣真實。
儘管難以量化投機對價格的影響,但有大量證據表明,當前市場中的大量投機已顯著推高了價格。
幾位分析師估計,speculative purchases of oil futures已使當前crude oil價格每桶增加20-25美元,從而將油價從50美元推高至約70美元。」
世界上最大的一些銀行,如Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Citigroup, JP Morgan,現在也是最大的能源交易商;它們不僅參與石油交易,還資助許多交易石油的hedge funds。
既然知道推高油價有多麼容易,同樣的策略也可以反向操作,迫使油價下跌。
只需要一些媒體捏造的「報導」告訴我們Saudi Arabia正在向市場大量供應石油,OPEC正在降價,或者China正在放緩,油價就會崩潰。
交易員隨後會做空石油,啟動algo-traders,並立即進一步壓低油價。石油消耗量實際上正在增長的事實,真的已經不再重要了。
實際上,油價並非由供需——或OPEC, Russia, China——決定,而是由交易它的西方金融機構決定。
原因在於操縱,問題是為什麼?
透過我過去的信函,「Secrets of Bank Involvement in Oil Revealed」中提到:
「多年來,我一直在談論銀行如何控制我們的文明。
…隨著油價下跌,全球經濟開始感受到痛苦,導致整個金融業出現巨大恐慌。這是因為上一次油價如此下跌——不到六個月內下跌超過US$40——是在2008年金融危機期間。
…讓我們看看能源市場,以獲得更好的視角。
能源部門約佔high-yield bond market的17-18%,該市場價值約$2 trillion。
在過去幾年裡,能源生產商透過new bonds and loans籌集了超過驚人的half a trillion dollars,借貸成本幾乎為零——這得益於Fed。
這種low-borrowing cost environment,加上deregulation,一直是每個能源生產商的金鵝。然而,由於這種easy money,能源生產商的槓桿率比以往任何時候都高;它們在much higher oil prices時期進行了槓桿操作。
但隨著油價突然急劇下跌,許多這些能源生產商現在面臨嚴重的倒閉風險。
在Goldman Sachs最近的一份報告指出,未來石油項目中近$1 trillion的投資面臨風險。
…難怪能源生產商的借貸成本在過去六個月內飆升。
…許多公司已經瀕臨default邊緣,甚至無法支付loans的interest payments。
…如果油價繼續維持在這種low price environment,許多生產商將難以履行其debt obligations – meaning許多公司可能會default on their loans。僅此一點就將引發一波financial and corporate destruction。更不用說North America地區數十萬個工作崗位的流失了。」
你可能會想:「如果油價下跌正在引發一波金融災難,為什麼銀行還要壓低油價呢?他們難道不會也蒙受損失嗎?」
好問題。但銀行從不虧損。我的信函續:
「如果你控制著世界的reserve currency,但由於devaluation和其他國家的競爭而慢慢失去這種地位(參見When Nations Unite Against the West: The BRICS Development Bank),你會怎麼做來保護自己?
你會購買assets。因為real hard assets可以保護你免受monetary inflation的影響。
既然銀行現在持有Fed創紀錄數量的highly leveraged paper,他們為什麼不利用這些paper來購買hard assets呢?
銀行家可能貪婪,但他們不笨。
hard physical assets的價格是inflation的真實體現。
因此,如果你大量控制這些hard assets,你也可以控制它們的價格。
這反過來意味著你可以維持對你的currency的控制,以對抗monetary inflation。
而這正是銀行所做的。
真正的世界力量
上個月,U.S. Senate’s Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations發布了一份403頁的報告,內容關於Wall Street’s biggest banks,如Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, and JP Morgan,如何獲得大量commodities, food, and energy resources的所有權。
報告指出:「銀行目前對critical raw materials, power generation, and the food supply的參與程度,在U.S. history上似乎是前所未有的。」
例如:
「…直到最近,Morgan Stanley控制著超過55 million barrels of oil storage capacity, 100 oil tankers, and 6,000 miles of pipeline。JPMorgan建立的copper inventory最高達到$2.7 billion,一度包括至少213,000 metric tons of copper,佔全球主要copper trading exchange, the LME可用physical copper的近60%。
2012年,Goldman擁有價值$3 billion的1.5 million metric tons of aluminum,約佔整個U.S. annual consumption的25%。Goldman還擁有warehouses,在2014年控制了美國LME aluminum storage business的85%。」——Wall Street Bank Involvement with Physical Commodities, United States Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
從pipelines到power plants,從agriculture到jet fuel,這些too-big-to-fail banks已經積累了——並可能操縱了價格——世界上一些最重要的resources。
上述例子清楚地表明,Big Banks透過「wide range of risky physical commodity activities which included, at times, producing, transporting, storing, processing, supplying, or trading energy, industrial metals, or agricultural commodities」,對我們的commodities擁有多大的影響力。
由於Federal Reserve提供了practically an unlimited supply of cheap capital,Big Banks已不僅僅是lenders and facilitators。它們已成為direct commerce competitors,擁有unfair monetary advantage:free money from the Fed。
當然,這不是他們唯一的優勢。
報告指出,Big Banks正在從事risky activities (such as ownership in power plants and coal mining),mixing banking and commerce,affecting prices,and gaining significant trading advantages。
試想一下,當JP Morgan一度控制著全球主要copper trading exchange, the LME上60%的available physical copper時,他們操縱copper的價格會有多麼容易。
當Goldman一度擁有控制美國LME aluminum storage business 85%的warehouses時,他們控制aluminum的價格會有多麼容易?
如果他們能夠如此輕易地控制如此vast quantities of hard assets,那麼他們從這些commodities的做空或做多中獲利會有多麼容易?
永遠的贏家
但如果出於某種原因,銀行家的bets didn’t work out,他們仍然不會虧損。
那是因為這些銀行是trillions of dollars in FDIC insured deposits的持有者。
換句話說,如果任何銀行的pipelines rupture, power plants explode, oil tankers spill, or coal mines collapse,taxpayers可能once again be on the hook for yet another too-big-to-fail bailout。
如果你認為government or the Fed在2008年之後不會再允許這種情況發生,那就再想想看。
透過The Guardian:
「在budget bill的一個小provision中,Congress同意允許銀行將其trading of swaps and derivatives alongside customer deposits,which are insured by the federal government against losses。
這項budget move repeals a portion of the Dodd-Frank financial reform act and, some say, lays the groundwork for future bailouts of banks who make irresponsibly risky trades。」
回想我過去的信函中提到,Fed希望將你淹沒在他們的dollars中。如果yet another bailout is required,那麼Fed將once again be the lender of last resort,而Americans將pile on the debt it owes to the Fed。
難怪報告中實際notes that the Fed was the facilitator of this sprawl by the banks:
「Without the complementary orders and letters issued by the Federal Reserve,many of those physical commodity activities would not otherwise have been permissible ‘financial’ activities under federal banking law。By issuing those complementary orders,the Federal Reserve directly facilitated the expansion of financial holding companies into new physical commodity activities。」
Big Banks在oil business中risked tons of cash lending and facilitating。但in reality they haven’t risked anything。他們從Fed獲得free money,and since they aren’t supposed to be directly involved in natural resources,they obtain control in other ways。
請記住,big banks – and ultimately the Fed who controls them – are the ones who truly control the world。他們的monetary actions are the cause of many of the world’s issues and have been used for many years to maintain control of other nations and the world’s resources。
但他們不能simply go into a country, put troops on the ground and take over。不,那would be inhumane。
那麼他們怎麼做呢?
透過我過去的信函,「The Real Reason for War in Syria」中提到:
「Currency manipulation allows developed countries to print and lend to other developing countries at will。
一個rich nation可能會go into a developing nation and lend them millions of dollars to build bridges, schools, housing, and expand their military efforts。The rich nation convinces the developing nation that by borrowing money, their nation will grow and prosper。
然而,這些deals are often negotiated at a very specific and hefty cost;the lending nation might demand resources or military and political access。當然,developing nations often take the loans, but never really have the chance to pay it back。
When the developing nations realize they can’t pay back the loans, they’re at the mercy of the lending nations。
這裡的trick是,the lending nations can print as much money as they want, and in turn, control the resources of developing nations。換句話說,the loans come at a hefty cost to the borrower, but at no cost to the lender。」
這讓我們回到了石油。
我們知道油價暴跌給許多與石油相關的debt facilities帶來了沉重負擔。我們也知道big banks在這個sector中都heavily leveraged。
如果是這樣,為什麼big banks如此calm?
答案很簡單。
Asset-Backed Lending
Most of the loans associated with oil are done throughasset-backed loans, or reserve-based financing。
It means that the loans are backed by the underlying asset itself: the oil reserves。
那麼,如果loans go south,你猜誰會end up with the oil?
根據Reuters報導,JP Morgan是number one U.S. bank by assets。儘管其energy exposure assumed at only 1.6 percent of total loans,但該銀行可能擁有reserves of up to $750 million!
透過Reuters:
「If oil reaches $30 a barrel – and here we are – and stayed there for, call it, 18 months, you could expect to see (JPMorgan’s) reserve builds of up to $750 million。」
難怪銀行不擔心oil financial contagion – especially not Jamie Dimon, JP Morgan’s Chairman, CEO and President:
「…Remember, these are asset-backed loans, so a bankruptcy doesn’t necessarily mean your loan is bad。」 – Jamie Dimon
As oil collapses and defaults arise,the banks have not only traded dollars for assets on the cheap,but gained massive oil reserves for pennies on the dollar to back the underlying contracts of the oil that they so heavily trade。
The argument to this would be that many emerging markets have laws in place that prevent their national resources from being turned over to foreign entities in the case of corporate defaults。
Which, of course, the U.S. and its banks have already prepared for。
透過我的信函,「How to Seize Assets Without War」:
「…If the Fed raises interest rates,many emerging market economies will suffer the consequence of debt defaults。Which, historically means that asset fire sales – often commodity-based assets such as oil and gas – are next。
Historically, if you wanted to seize the assets of another country, you would have to go to war and fight for territory。But today, there are other less bloody ways to do that。
Take, for example, Petrobras – a semi-public Brazilian multinational energy corporation。
…Brazil is in one of the worst debt positions in the world with much of its debt denominated in US dollars。
Earlier this year (2015), Petrobras announced that it is attempting to sell$58 billion of assets – an unprecedented number in the oil industry。
Guess who will likely be leading the sale of Petrobras assets? Yup, American banks。
透過Reuters:
「…JPMorgan would be tasked with wooing the largest number of bidders possible for the assets and then structure the sales。」
As history has shown, emerging market fire sales due to debt defaults are often won by the US or its allies。Thus far, it appears the Petrobras fire sale may be headed that way。
透過WSJ:
「Brazilian state-run oil company Petróleo Brasileiro SA said Tuesday (September 22, 2015) it is closing a deal to sell natural-gas distribution assets to a local subsidiary of Japan’s Mitsui & Co.」
The combination of monetary policy and commodities manipulation allows Western banks and allies to accumulate hard assets at the expense of emerging markets。And this has been exactly the plan since day one。
As the Fed hints of raising rates,financial risks among emerging markets will continue to build。This will trigger a reappraisal of sovereign and corporate risks leading to big swings in capital flows。」
Not only are many of the big banks’ practices protected by government and Fed policies,but they’re also protected by the underlying asset itself。If things go south,the bank could end up owning a lot of oil reserves。
難怪他們不擔心。
And since the banks ultimately control the price of oil anyway,it could easily bring the price back up when they’re ready。
Controlling the price of oil gives U.S. and its banks many advantages。
For example, the U.S. could tell the Iranians, the Saudis, or other OPEC nations, whose economies heavily rely on oil, “Hey, if you want higher oil prices, we can make that happen。But first, you have to do this…”
You see how much control the U.S., and its big banks, actually have?
At least, for now anyway。
Don’t think for one second that nations around the world don’t understand this。
Just ask Venezuela, and many of the other countries that have succumbed to the power of the U.S. Many of these countries are now turning to China because they feel they have been screwed。
世界轉變
The diversification away from the U.S. dollar is the first step in the uprising against the U.S. by other nations。
As the power of the U.S. dollar diminishes, through international currency swaps and loans, other trading platforms that control the price of commodities (such as the new Shanghai Oil Exchange) will become more prominent in global trade; thus, bringing some price equilibrium back to the market。
And this is happening much faster than you expect。
透過Xinhuanet:
「Chinese President Xi Jinping returned home Sunday after wrapping up a historic trip to Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Iran with a broad consensus and 52 cooperation agreements set to deepen Beijing’s constructive engagement with the struggling yet promising region。
During Xi’s trip, China upgraded its relationship with both Saudi Arabia and Iran to a comprehensive strategic partnership and vowed to work together with Egypt to add more values to their comprehensive strategic partnership。
Regional organizations, including the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) and the Arab League (AL), also applauded Xi’s visit and voiced their readiness to cement mutual trust and broaden win-win cooperation with China。
AL Secretary General Nabil al-Arabi said China has always stood with the developing world, adding that the Arab world is willing to work closely with China in political, economic as well as other sectors for mutual benefit。
The Belt and Road Initiative, an ambitious vision Xi put forward in 2013 to boost inter-connectivity and common development along the ancient land and maritime Silk Roads, has gained more support and popularity during Xi’s trip。
…Xi and leaders of the three nations agreed to align their countries’ development blueprints and pursue mutually beneficial cooperation under the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative, which comprises the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road。
The initiative, reiterated the Chinese president, is by no means China’s solo, but a symphony of all countries along the routes, including half of the OIC members。
During Xi’s stay in Saudi Arabia, China, and the GCC resumed their free trade talks and “substantively concluded in principle the negotiations on trade in goods。” A comprehensive deal will be made within this year。」
換句話說,中東地區的主要強國——這些國家生產了世界上大部分的石油——現在正與中國加強合作,並遠離美國。
隨著這一進程的推進,這意味著美元的作用及其在世界貿易中的價值將會減弱。
而持有數兆美元美國資產的大型銀行,卻不擔心。
他們寧願擁有基礎資產。
尋求真相,
Ivan Lo
The Equedia Letter

